Selection for functional performance in the evolution of cuticle hardening mechanisms in insects

Calcified tissues have repeatedly evolved in many animal lineages and show a tremendous diversity of forms functions. The cuticle insects is enriched with elements other than Calcium, strategy hardening that taxonomically widespread but apparently poorly variable among clades. Here, we investigate the evolutionary potential enrichment metals insect at different biological levels. We combined experimental evidence Zinc content variation mandibles target species (Chorthippus cazurroi [Bolívar]) phylogenetic comparative analyses grasshopper species. found mandibular was repeatable related individuals associated an indicator fitness, so there for adaptive variation. Among species, as consequence environmental dietary influences on physical function jaw (cutting chewing), suggesting role natural selection fit. However, were also important within transgenerational sources similarity individuals. These influences, along tight relationship biomechanics, may limit diversification this mechanism. This work provides novel insights into structures link between capacity intra- interspecific